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The association was established in 1955. Its
approximately 11,000 members include records managers, archivists,
corporate librarians, imaging specialists, legal professionals, IT
managers, consultants, and educators, all of whom work in a wide
variety of industries, including government, legal, healthcare,
financial services, and petroleum in the United States, Canada, and
30-plus other countries. |
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Founded in 1982 by the major space agencies in
the world, the CCSDS originated as a multi- national forum for the
discussion of common space communications issues. |
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The International Council on Archives (ICA) is a
decentralized organisation governed by a General Assembly and
administered by an Executive Board. Its branches provide archivists
with a regional forum in all parts of the world; its sections bring
together archivists and archival institutions interested in
particular areas of professional interest; its committees and
working groups are engaging the contribution of experts to the
solution of specific problems. The ICA Secretariat serves the
administrative needs of the organisation and maintains relations
between members and cooperation with related bodies and other
international organisations.
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ICA is
the professional organisation for the world archival community,
dedicated to promoting the preservation, development, and use of
the world's archival heritage.
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It brings
together national archive administrations, professional
associations of archivists, regional and local archives and
archives of other organisations as well as individual
archivists.
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ICA has
some 1700 members in more than 180 countries and territories,
making it truly international.
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It is a
non-governmental organisation, which means that it maintains an
independence from the political process and that its members
include public and private archive institutions and
individuals.
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ICA works
closely with inter-governmental organisations such as UNESCO and
ICCROM. It also has strong links with other non-governmental
organisations.
Secretariat:
International Council on Archives
60
rue des Francs-Bourgeois
75003 PARIS, France
Tel : 33 (0)1 40 27 63 06
Fax : 33 (0)1 42 72 20 65
E-mail : ica@ica.org |
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This standard provides general guidance for the
preparation of archival descriptions. It is to be used in
conjunction with existing national standards or as the basis for
the development of national standards. |
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This standard provides guidance for preparing
archival authority records which provide descriptions of entities
(corporate bodies, persons and families) associated with the
creation and maintenance of archives. |
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LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe), based at
Stanford University Libraries, is an international community
initiative that provides libraries with digital preservation tools
and support so that they can easily and inexpensively collect and
preserve their own copies of authorized e- content. |
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The ECB is the central bank for Europe's single
currency, the euro. The ECB’s main task is to maintain the
euro's purchasing power and thus price stability in the euro area.
The euro area comprises the 12 European Union countries that have
introduced the euro since 1999. |
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EPC’s focus is core payment services, both
retail and commercial, in euro, in Europe. This includes a focus on
electronic instruments such as credit transfers, direct debits,
cards, and emerging channels such as e- and m-payments, as well as
cash. |
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Information Zen is AIIM's online network for
education, research, and best practices to help organizations
optimize their information. |
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The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a
large open international community of network designers, operators,
vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the
Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet. It
is open to any interested individual.
The actual technical work of the IETF is done in
its working groups, which are organized by topic into several areas
(e.g., routing, transport, security, etc.). Much of the work is
handled via mailing lists. The IETF holds meetings three times per
year. |
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OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of
Structured Information Standards) is a not-for- profit,
international consortium that drives the development, convergence,
and adoption of e- business standards.
Founded in 1993, OASIS has more than 5,000
participants representing over 600 organizations and individual
members in 100 countries.
See
http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=office
for info over OASIS Open Document Format for Office Applications
(OpenDocument) TC. |
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OCLC is a nonprofit, membership, computer library
service and research organization dedicated to the public purposes
of furthering access to the world’s information and reducing
information costs. More than 69,000 libraries in 112 countries and
territories around the world use OCLC services to locate, acquire,
catalog, lend and preserve library materials. |
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The WorldCat Copyright Evidence Registry (CER) is
a community of people, libraries, and other organizations working
together to discover and share information about the copyright
status of books.
The Copyright Evidence Registry is based
on WorldCat, which contains
more than 100 million bibliographic records describing items held
in thousands of libraries worldwide. In addition to the WorldCat
metadata, the Copyright Evidence Registry uses data contributed by
libraries and other organizations. |
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Basell II is a
supervisory risk assessment and early warning system designed to be
used and implemented by banks worldwide. It covers:
the accuracy of
reports received from the bank; the overall operations and
conditions of the bank; the quality of the loan portfolio and
adequacy of loan loss provisions and reserves; the competence of
management; the adequacy of accounting and management information
systems; bank adherence to laws and regulations and terms
stipulated in the banking licence; credit risk management - credit
granting standards and the credit monitoring process.
The structure of
Basel II
Basel II is
comprised of three mutually reinforcing pillars:
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Pillar 1 - The Minimum Capital
Requirement
The required ratio of
capital to risk-weighted assets will remain unchanged at 8 per cent
under Basel II. However, while under the existing Accord firms are
required to measure explicitly exposures to both credit risk and
market risk, Basel II will also require firms to calculate capital
adequacy requirements for operational risk.
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Pillar 2 - Supervisory
Review
Supervisors will have the
power to hold additional capital against risks not covered by
Pillar 1, in an attempt by the Basel Committee to ensure that any
deficiencies in the Pillar 1 calculation are
addressed.
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Pillar 3 - Market
Discipline
A firm must disclose its
risks, capital and risk management to the market, thus subjecting a
firm's capital adequacy requirements to the review of potential
counterparties thereby encouraging market discipline amongst
firms.
While often
compared to SOX, Basel II is indeed different in the measures it
imposes on the IT front:there is no "Basel II System
Specification".
While there are
clear benefits to be gained by financial institutions using the AMA
approach to measure Operational Risk, there is, as yet, no
definitive legislative or regulatory approach as to what this will
actually mean in practice. Until legislative and regulatory
uncertainties are resolved, system specifications cannot be
defined. |
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Belgium, Canada, France,
Germany,
Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the
United States. |
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The European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI)
was founded in 2002. It has been established to improve corporate
governance through fostering independent scientific research and
related activities.
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The name of
the parent foundation, created as part of the reorganisation in
2000 to oversee the IASB, is the International Accounting Standards
Committee Foundation. |
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The body
within the IASCF structure that is empowered to develop and approve
International Financial Reporting Standards. IASB formally replaced
the IASC in 2001. |
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International Accounting Standards (IASs) were
issued by the IASC from 1973 to
2000. The IASB replaced the IASC in 2001. Since then, the IASB has
amended some IASs, has proposed to amend other IASs, has proposed
to replace some IASs with new International Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRSs), and has adopted or proposed certain new IFRSs on
topics for which there was no previous IAS. Through committees,
both the IASC and the IASB also have issued Interpretations of
Standards.The term International Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRSs) has both a narrow and a broad meaning. Narrowly,
IFRSs refers to the new numbered series of pronouncements that the
IASB is issuing, as distinct from the International Accounting
Standards (IASs) series issued by its predecessor. More broadly,
IFRSs refers to the entire body of IASB pronouncements, including
standards and interpretations approved by the IASB and IASs and SIC
interpretations approved by the predecessor International
Accounting Standards Committee. |
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COBIT's Management Guidelines component contains a
framework responding to management's need for control and
measurability of IT by providing tools to assess and measure the
enterprise’s IT capability for the 34 COBIT IT
processes. |
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An intergovernmental
organization through which public and private organizations develop
telecommunications. The ITU was founded in 1865 and became a United
Nations agency in 1947. It is responsible for adopting
international treaties, regulations and standards governing
telecommunications. |
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Key Trends in AML in
Europe
The European Commission has issued a third
directive recently to existing EU legislation. The Directive is
applicable to the financial sector as well as lawyers, notaries,
accountants, real estate agents, casinos, trust and company service
providers. Its scope also encompasses all providers of goods, when
payments are made in cash in excess of
€15,000.
The Directive introduces additional requirements
and safeguards for situations of higher risk (e.g. trading with
correspondent banks situated outside the EU). The regulatory
expectation of the quality of a bank's AML compliance program has
increased significantly. The regulators are looking much more
carefully at the details of the AML compliance programs. There is
particular emphasis on the processes in place to detect and report
suspicious activity across all of a bank's lines of
business.
The time for doing BSA/AML compliance "on the
cheap" has passed. The commitment to provide resources must clearly
come from the top of the organization. The resources include
personnel and systems, both internal and external. Comprehensive
ongoing training must be in place. Banks should investigate what
compliance support is available from their system vendors and how
such functionality can be used in their compliance program. Banks
should also review the number and level of expertise of the
personnel assigned to their compliance efforts to determine if they
are "resource poor" in this critical area. The establishment of a
culture of compliance is critical in establishing a successful
program. This can only be created through board of director and
senior management buy-in and comprehensive, ongoing
training. |
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The Model Requirements for the Management of
Electronic Records by an Electronic Records Management (ERM) System
is a European Union directive that describes in detail the issues,
controls and considerations that are necessary for the successful
implementation of such a system. The standard is comprehensive,
addressing the capture, classification, retention, archiving,
access, disposition, audit trail, search and retrieval, security
and authenticity of data, including email data, by a records
management system. |
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The FATF was established in 1989 in Paris by the
G5 Nations and has provided the lead in setting international
standards on money laundering. In June of 2003, the Financial
Action Task Force (FATF) revised its Forty Recommendations
to provide a new comprehensive framework for combating money
laundering and terrorist financing. Section B of the
recommendations focuses on measures to be taken by financial
institutions and places particular emphasis on the establishment of
solid customer due diligence (CDD) and record-keeping systems.
While the recommendations do not specifically call for automated
compliance systems, it is clear that the CDD and record-keeping
expectations necessitate such an approach. The FATF is asking all
countries to bring their systems for combating money laundering and
terrorist financing into compliance with the new FATF
recommendations.
The FATF also publishes a list of countries and
territories that have been deemed to be 'non- cooperative' (NCCT)
in relation to anti-money laundering initiatives. This list changes
from time to time and should be reviewed on a regular basis.
Countries and territories on this list should be considered as high
risk and any business relationships with these countries should be
carefully examined and be reviewed by the responsible officer
within the organisation. |
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The core rational of
MiFID is to create a set of common regulations for financial
services firms in European Union, which will drive the move towards
creation of a single pan- European market, following the Euro
implementation.
On the technology
front, MiFID will affect the front, middle and back offices in
securities firms. The key challenges include data aggregation and
dissemination, reference data management, and addressing the impact
on information exchange standards. The vendors of off-the- shelf
front and back office solutions will have to up-grade their
products to make them MiFID-compliant. As a result, IT systems of
regulatory bodies and stock exchanges will be affected. Vendors of
third party software solutions and BPO providers will need to
identify pain areas and propose focused solutions to exploit the
huge opportunity presented to them. On the architectural front,
Service Oriented and Event Driven architectures will be ideally
suited for the emerging scenario.
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In particular, see Article 17.2 over "Information
requirements for issuers whose shares are admitted to treading on a
regulated market". |
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UCITS III
fait référence à la directive 85/611/CEE
modifiée par les directives 2001/107/CE et
2001/108/CE,
dont les dispositions sont entrées en vigueur le 13
février 2004.
Ces dispositions portent principalement sur les
règles d'investissement des OPCVM coordonnés, les
règles applicables aux sociétés de gestion qui les
gèrent et les règles d'information des investisseurs
(notamment l'existence d'un prospectus simplifié).
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The European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI) produces globally-applicable standards for
Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), including fixed,
mobile, radio, converged, broadcast and internet
technologies.
We are officially recognized by the European
Commission as a European Standards Organization. The high quality
of our work and our open approach to standardization has helped us
evolve into a European roots - global branches operation with a
solid reputation for technical excellence.
ETSI is a not-for-profit organization with almost
700 ETSI member organizations drawn from 60 countries
world-wide. |
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XBRL is a language for the electronic
communication of business and financial data which is
revolutionising business reporting around the world. It provides
major benefits in the preparation, analysis and communication of
business information. It offers cost savings, greater efficiency
and improved accuracy and reliability to all those involved in
supplying or using financial data.
XBRL stands for eXtensible Business Reporting Language. It is one
of a family of "XML" languages which is becoming a standard means
of communicating information between businesses and on the
internet.
XBRL is being developed by an international non-profit consortium
of approximately 400 major companies, organisations and government
agencies. It is an open standard, free of licence fees. It
is already being put to practical use in a number of countries and
implementations of XBRL are growing rapidly around the
world.
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The mission behind FpML is the following:
To streamline the process supporting trading activities in
the financial
derivativesdomain through
the creation, maintenance and promotion of an e-business language
for describing these products and associated business interactions
based on industry standards. |
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ODF was approved as an OASIS Standard in May 2005
and was submitted by OASIS to the ISO/IEC JTC1 (International
Organization for Standardization International Electrotechnical
Commission's Joint Technical Committee) for further approval as a
de jure standard. ODF is maintained and advanced by the OASIS
OpenDocument Technical Committee, which was formed in November
2002.
8 May 2006 : ISO and IEC approve OpenDocument
OASIS standard for data interoperability of office
applications.
ISO/IEC 26300 is the responsibility of ISO/IEC JTC
1, Information technology, subcommittee SC 34, Document
description and processing languages. The standard will
continue to be maintained and advanced by the OASIS OpenDocument
Technical Committee and the recently formed OASIS ODF Adoption
Committee, both of which remain open to participation from users,
suppliers, government agencies, and
individuals. |
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Two International
Standards
ISO 20022
parts 1 and 2 cover:
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A general
explanation of the concepts that are used for the definition of
UNIFI (ISO 20022) compliant messages. The explanation gives a high
level description of the business-centric message design
methodology and the rationale behind this
methodology.
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A
description of the financial repository that will contain all UNIFI
(ISO 20022) message standards and their re-usable
components.
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The rules
that govern the maintenance of the financial repository by the
UNIFI (ISO 20022) Registration Authority, ie SWIFT, and its
publication on www.iso20022.org.
Three Technical
Specifications
ISO 20022 parts 3, 4 and 5 are ISO documents that
give more detailed information regarding technical aspects of the
standard:
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Modelling
guidelines for development of syntax- independent business
standard
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XML
design rules
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Reverse
engineering approach for existing non- compliant
messages
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ISO 15022 XML is a result of the convergence of
the most important messaging protocols in the financial vertical
industry - FIX, FpML, and SWIFT. It is kind of a superset covering
the domains of these existing messaging
protocols. |
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ISO 19005-1, Document management -
Electronic document file format for long-term preservation - Part
1: Use of PDF 1.4 (PDF/A-1) defines a file format based on
Portable Document Format (PDF) which provides a mechanism for
representing electronic documents in a manner that preserves their
visual appearance over time, independent of the tools and systems
used for creating, storing and rendering the files. PDF/A is a
subset of PDF, which is already widely accepted for the delivery of
final-format documents. It is estimated that the total size of the
surface Web is 167 terabytes, 9.2 percent of which consist of PDF
documents.
"The speed with which PDF/A was developed is a
testament to the commitment of the committee members worldwide,"
said John Mancini, President, AIIM. "The collaborative effort put
forth by representatives from the archival, records management,
government and other communities ensure that this standard will fit
the needs of those communities and that our corporate and cultural
memory is preserved over time."
"The development of ISO 19005-1 was a coordinated
effort by several affected communities to address the critical need
for a standardized method for the long-term preservation of
documents," said Mary Abbott, director of standards programs at
NPES. "The work was done in a way that shows that international
groups can work together quickly and effectively to develop
solutions through the accredited standards
process."
"The publication of PDF/A will have a significant
impact on the preservation of electronic documents by defining an
internationally recognized standard format that is amenable to
long- term preservation," said Stephen Abrams, Digital Library
program manager at the Harvard University Library. "The standard
will allow libraries, archives, and other electronic resource
consumers to encourage their content providers to produce and
deliver those resources in a form that is optimized for their
effective preservation over time."
"PDF/A files will be more self-contained,
self-describing, device-independent than generic PDF 1.4 files, and
should allow information to be retained longer as PDF," said Susan
Sullivan of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
"But, Federal agencies and other users should be aware that PDF/A
does not stand alone. PDF/A must be implemented in conjunction with
mechanisms to manage records according to legal and domain specific
requirements."
"We began work in May 2002 with the U.S. Courts
and U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, and then
moved to create a formal standards working group in October 2002,"
said Melonie Warfel, director of worldwide standards at Adobe
Systems. "The quick time to publication is a direct result of the
strong commitment of all the participating members, from the U.S.
Courts and the Library of Congress to our project leader from
Harvard University, and representatives of national standards
bodies around the world."
"The PDF/A and PDF/X committees established a very
effective two-way exchange of requirements and solutions during the
development of PDF/A," said Martin Bailey, senior technical
consultant at Global Graphics. "Our work on the PDF/X standard, a
subset of PDF for the print industry first published under ISO in
2001, helped to inform many aspects of PDF/A. This collaborative
approach to development is continuing for other PDF-based
standards, and will benefit all users of PDF."
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La
norme ISO/IEC 17799 :
2000(anciennement BS 7799) propose des
recommandations pour le démarrage, l'installation et la
gestion de la politique de sécurité des informations
(POSI),
sécurité des systèmes d'information de
l'entreprise.
Cette norme fournit des standards de
contrôle de la sécurité des informations de
très bonne qualité (best practice)structurés
en domaine, par exemple la politique de sécurité,
l'organisation de la sécurité, la sécurité
physique, la gestion des télécommunications et des
systèmes et le contrôle des accès. C’est un
excellent outil pour la mise en place de la POSI.See also NIST's comments at
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/secpubs/otherpubs/reviso-faq.pdf. |
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ISO 15801:2004 describes the implementation and
operation of information management systems which store information
electronically and where the issues of trustworthiness,
reliability, authenticity and integrity are important. The whole
life cycle of a stored electronic document is covered, from initial
capture to eventual destruction.
ISO 15801:2004 is for use with any information
management system, including traditional document imaging, workflow
and COLD/ERM technologies, and using any type of electronic storage
medium including WORM and rewritable
technologies.
ISO 15801:2004 does not cover processes used to
evaluate the authenticity of information prior to it being stored
or imported into the system. However, it can be used to demonstrate
that output from the system is a true reproduction of the original
document. |
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ISO 15489 is an international standard that
provides guidance on managing records in all formats or media. ISO
15489 stipulates that: All transactions that relate to or make up a
record should be captured, classified and indexed, and managed,
forming a complete and accurate representation of the record -
including meta data; Records should be stored on appropriate
storage medium, with protective controls in place to cover the
process of archiving and access to the data; Management of the
access and retrieval of the data should include control, to ensure
the integrity of the data, as well as an audit trail and protection
from unauthorised alteration or destruction. |
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ISO 14721:2003 specifies a reference model for an
open archival information system (OAIS). The purpose of this ISO
14721:2003 is to establish a system for archiving information, both
digitalized and physical, with an organizational scheme composed of
people who accept the responsibility to preserve information and
make it available to a designated community.
This reference model addresses a full range of
archival information preservation functions including ingest,
archival storage, data management, access, and dissemination. It
also addresses the migration of digital information to new media
and forms, the data models used to represent the information, the
role of software in information preservation, and the exchange of
digital information among archives. It identifies both internal and
external interfaces to the archive functions, and it identifies a
number of high-level services at these interfaces. It provides
various illustrative examples and some "best practice"
recommendations. It defines a minimal set of responsibilities for
an archive to be called an OAIS, and it also defines a maximal
archive to provide a broad set of useful terms and
concepts.
The OAIS model described in ISO 14721:2003 may be
applicable to any archive. It is specifically applicable to
organizations with the responsibility of making information
available for the long term. This includes organizations with other
responsibilities, such as processing and distribution in response
to programmatic needs. |
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Since its introduction in 1998 as the open,
participative process to develop and revise the Java™
technology specifications, reference implementations, and test
suites, the Java Community Process (JCP) program has fostered the
evolution of the Java platform in cooperation with the
international Java developer community. |
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The XML
specification to enable the interchange of information necessary to
account, to analyze, and to trade financial instruments of the
world's markets. |
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OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of
Structured Information Standards) is a not-for-profit consortium
that drives the development, convergence and adoption of open
standards for the global information society. The consortium
produces more Web services standards than any other organization
along with standards for security, e-business, and standardization
efforts in the public sector and for application-specific markets.
Founded in 1993, OASIS has more than 5,000 participants
representing over 600 organizations and individual members in 100
countries. |
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OMG™ is
an international, open membership, not-for-profit computer industry
consortium. OMG Task Forces develop enterprise integration
standards for a wide range of technologies, and an even wider range
of industries. OMG’s modeling standards enable powerful
visual design, execution and maintenance of software and other
processes. OMG’s middleware standards and profiles are based
on the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA®) and
support a wide variety of industries. All of our specifications may
be downloaded without charge from the website. |
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A widely used
standard for defining digital certificates. X.509 is actually an
ITU Recommendation, which means that it has not yet been officially
defined or approved for standardized usage.
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The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops
interoperable technologies (specifications, guidelines, software,
and tools) to lead the Web to its full potential. W3C is a forum
for information, commerce, communication, and collective
understanding. |
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The WfMC has
over 300 member organizations worldwide, representing all facets of
workflow, from vendors to users, and from academics to
consultants. |
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The Dewey Decimal
Classification (DDC) system is the world's most widely used library
classification system. |
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Le Dublin Core est un ensemble de 15
éléments de métadonnées ayant
trait:
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au
Contenu: Title, Description, Subject, Source, Coverage,
Type, Relation
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à la
Propriété intellectuelle: Creator, Contributor,
Publisher, Rights
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à la
Version: Date, Format, Identifier,
Language
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Plusieurs champs EXIF concernent également la
description de l'image et sont manifestement concurrents de
certains champs IPTC essentiels, notamment:
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Titre de
l'image (EXIF ImageDescription = IPTC
Headline)
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Personne
ayant créé l'image (EXIF Artist = IPTC By-
line)
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Titulaire
du Copyright (EXIF Copyright = IPTC Copyright
Notice)
Cette situation est regrettable et illustre une
fois de plus la confusion qui règne très souvent dans le
domaine des métadonnées.
Nous proposons la "règle" distinctive
suivante:
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IPTC: métadonnées ayant trait
à la sémantiquede l'image et
nécessitant l'intervention d'un opérateur humain pour
être renseignées:
Créateur, Description, Copyright, etc.
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EXIF: métadonnées techniques
relatives à la prise de
vueet fournies automatiquement par un appareil
numérique. Selon cette acception, un éditeur de
métadonnées EXIF constitue un non-sens et l'on prohibera
donc l'usage des champs EXIF ImageDescription, Artist
et Copyright. À l'inverse, puisque la date de prise de
vue est fournie automatiquement par l'appareil, on est en droit de
privilégier la date EXIF par rapport à la date
IPTC.
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L' IPTC(International Press
and Telecommunications Council) est une organisation internationale
créée en 1965 pour développer et promouvoir des
standards d'échange de données à destination de la
presse. L'IPTC a défini par exemple le format de
transmission des documents (textes, images, sons, multimédia)
émis par les agences de presse. Ce format est en cours de
renouvellement (cf. NewsML).
Le sous-ensemble de ce modèle appelé
Application record N° 2 a servi de base à la
société Adobe pour définir dans son logiciel
Photoshop les informations associées à une image.
C'est ce sous-ensemble qui est communément appelé
métadonnées (ou champs ou informations ou
en-têtes [headers]) IPTC.
Les informations IPTC/IIM sont à présent
considérées par l'IPTC comme un legacy standard qui sera
progressivement remplacé par le nouveau schéma de
métadonnées IPTC
Corebasé surXMP.
Ces informations IPTC/IIM sont constituées de
33 métadonnées de type interne, c'est-à-dire
stockées à l'intérieur des fichiers images JPEG,
TIFF ou PSD [Photoshop]. |
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Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS) is a
schema for a bibliographic element set that may be used for a
variety of purposes, and particularly for library applications. The
standard is maintained by the Network Development and MARC
Standards Office of the Library of Congress with input from
users. |
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NITF (
News Industry Text Format, actuellement
en version 3.2) est également une spécification de
l' IPTC .
Elle concerne la description des articles de presse.
NITF possède quelques éléments permettant de
décrire les métadonnées associées à un
article ou à ses composants; comme pour NewsML, ces
éléments ne s'appuient pas sur RDF. NewsML
utilise un sous- ensemble de NITF pour décrire la
composition des articles transmis (structuration de l'article en
Titre, Sous- titre, etc.; organisation des
paragraphes; places des illustrations). NITF est
utilisé par l'AFP dans NewsML pour décrire
le corps des dépêches (à la différence de
Reuters qui utilise XHTML). |
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NewsML est
une spécification de l' IPTC
(International Press and
Telecommunications Council) pour la transmission et l'échange
des informations d'actualités.
La version 1.0 a été ratifiée en Octobre 2000, la
version 1.1 en Octobre 2002, et la version 1.2 actuelle en Octobre
2003.
NewsML est d'ores et déjà utilisé (et le sera
de plus en plus) par les agences de presse ( AFP
, Reuters )
pour la transmission des dépêches et l'automatisation des
fils d'agences. NewsML est conçu pour l'échange
des textes, graphiques, photos, séquences audio, video et
animations. |
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PRISM
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PRISM (
Publishing Requirements for Industry
Standard Metadata) est un idiome RDF
extensible permettant de décrire les métadonnées
utilisées dans la presse pour la syndication et
l'agrégation de données.
PRISM a
été initié par un groupe de travail
IDEAlliance (International Digital Enterprise Alliance)
fondé en 1999 et comprenant des sociétés comme
Adobe, Artesia, Condé Nast,
Netscape, Quark, Reuters, Time,
Vignette, etc.
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PRISM utilise une version
simplifiée du langage RDF. C'est un "vocabulaire
commun" destiné à décrire les contenus, l'origine de
ces contenus, les droits associés, etc.
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Les métadonnées
définies à l'aide de PRISM doivent pouvoir
être traitées par les processeurs RDF (mais
l'inverse n'est pas vrai).
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PRISM utilise le Dublin
Core comme fondation et recommande l'utilisation du vocabulaire
DC.
PRISM étend le vocabulaire du
Dublin Core. Par exemple, les éléments suivants du
Dublin Core: dc:coverage et dc:subject sont
complétés par prism:event, prism:industry,
prism:location, prism:person,
prism:organization, prism:section.
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PRISM recommande d'utiliser des
vocabulaires contrôlés, par exemple un Thésaurus de
noms géographiques au lieu de spécifier en toutes lettres
un nom de lieu.
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The Commonwealth
recordkeeping metadata set consists of 20 elements, eight of which
are mandatory.
These elements can
be divided into six categories, or layers, that reflect their role
in the authentication and long- term management of records. The
categories are consistent with the metadata reference model
developed by the University of Pittsburgh as part of its Functional
Requirements for Evidence in Recordkeeping project. |
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RDF(Resource Description Framework) est un moyen
d'encoder, échanger et réutiliser des
métadonnées structurées. C'est un idiome
XMLdéveloppé par le W3C et ayant
fait l'objet d'une Recommandation en 1999.
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RDF ne précise pas la
sémantique des ressources décrites par les
différentes communautés d'utilisateurs de
métadonnées. À l'instar d'XML, RDF est un
langage extensible, un métalangage; c'est un cadre
[framework] de description des ressources applicable à
n'importe quel domaine d'application.
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PROLEARN Consortium
, European Commission Sixth Framework Project
(IST-507310) |
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1. Australia
